First things first, preheat your oven to a cozy 350°F (175°C). Grab a 9x13-inch baking dish and give it a good grease. You can use butter, baking spray, or even shortening – whatever you prefer to prevent sticking.
In a big mixing bowl, combine the cake mix, vegetable oil, milk, eggs, and vanilla extract. Give it a good mix until everything is just combined. Don't overmix! A few small lumps are totally fine.
Pour about half of that luscious batter into your prepared baking dish. Use a spatula to spread it out evenly across the bottom.
Now for the fun part! Take spoonfuls of the creamy peanut butter and drop them randomly over the batter. Don't worry about spreading it perfectly – it will melt and swirl as it bakes. Then, sprinkle about half of your chocolate chips and half of the chopped peanut butter cups right over the top of the peanut butter drops.
Carefully pour the remaining cake batter over the peanut butter layer. Gently spread it out to cover the peanut butter and toppings as much as possible, but don't worry if some peek through. That just adds character!
Sprinkle the rest of the chocolate chips and the rest of the chopped peanut butter cups over the top layer of batter. Make sure you get them right up to the edges!
Pop the dish into your preheated oven. Bake for 30-35 minutes. You'll know it's done when a toothpick inserted into the center comes out clean (maybe with a few melted chocolate smudges, which is totally okay!).
Once it's out of the oven, let the cake cool in the dish for about 10-15 minutes. This gives it time to set up slightly. Right before serving, dust generously with powdered sugar. Serve it warm for maximum gooey goodness!