Step 1: Prepare the Cheesecake Layer. Preheat oven to 325°F (165°C). Line the bottom of a springform pan or an 8-inch round cake pan with parchment paper. In a bowl, beat the softened cream cheese and sugar until smooth. Add eggs, one at a time, mixing until incorporated, then stir in vanilla extract. Pour into the prepared pan. Bake for about 30–35 minutes, or until the center looks set. Let cool completely on a wire rack, then refrigerate to chill.
Step 2: Make the Lemon Cake. While the cheesecake chills, prepare the lemon cake layers. Follow the directions on your box of lemon cake mix, stirring in the tablespoon of fresh lemon zest with the wet ingredients. Bake two 8-inch round layers according to package instructions. Let cool in pans for 10-15 minutes before turning out onto a wire rack to cool completely.
Step 3: Cook the Blueberry Filling. In a small saucepan over medium heat, combine blueberries, 2 tablespoons sugar, and 1 tablespoon lemon juice. Stir until bubbling. In a small bowl, whisk together the cornstarch and water until smooth. Pour this slurry into the bubbling blueberries and stir continuously until thickened. Remove from heat and let cool completely.
Step 4: Make the Frosting. In a large bowl, beat together the softened cream cheese and butter until light and fluffy. Gradually add the powdered sugar, one cup at a time, mixing until smooth. Stir in vanilla extract. Add 1 tablespoon of lemon juice or zest and mix, adding more to taste if desired. Beat until smooth and spreadable.
Step 5: Assemble the Cake. Place one cooled lemon cake layer on your serving plate. Spread the completely cooled blueberry filling evenly over the top. Gently place the chilled cheesecake layer on top of the filling. Place the second lemon cake layer on top of the cheesecake. Frost the entire cake with the lemon cream cheese frosting using an offset spatula or knife.
Step 6: Chill. Refrigerate the assembled cake for at least 1 hour to help layers settle and make slicing easier. Chilling for longer or overnight is recommended.